Chemical Reactions in Our Daily Life Essay

Science being a subject of common interest, it is very intriguing to analyze visual experiments happening in day-to-day life. There are a plethora of products that you use everyday, which are formulated with application of chemical reaction. Say for example; toothpaste, soap, shampoo, cleaning agent, etc. are all results of chemical reactions. Following are some of the most profound chemical reactions, which we encounter in everyday life : Aerobic Respiration Do you know indulging in physical movements is associated with a chemical reaction? The process requires energy, which is yielded by aerobic respiration. Over here, respiration helps breaks down glucose (an energy source) into water, carbon dioxide and energy in form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). The balanced cellular respiration equation is represented as: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2+ 6H2O + Energy (36 ATPs) Anaerobic Respiration Due to overexercising, sometimes our body cells run out of oxygen and respire anaerobically. This cause synthesis of lactic acid and cause muscle cramps. Anaerobic respiration is observed in some bacteria, yeast and other organisms. In contrary to the aerobic type, it breaks down glucose in the absence of oxygen, resulting in production of ethanol, carbon dioxide and energy. Anaerobic respiration equation is: C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Energy Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants manufacture their own food. This occurs in presence of sunlight and other raw materials, namely carbon dioxide and water. The chlorophyll pigment harvests the light energy from sunlight, which is then converted into glucose by the phenomenon of photosynthesis. In short, it is the opposite of aerobic respiration. The equation for photosynthesis is: 6 CO2+ 6 H2O + Light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Rusting of Iron Very often, you notice a coating of rust over unpainted iron surfaces, which gradually leads to disintegration of iron. This is nothing, but a chemical phenomenon called rusting. In this case, iron (a very reactive metal) combines with oxygen in presence of water (more precisely, atmospheric moisture), resulting in formation of iron oxides. The chemical reaction behind rusting can be simply represented as: Fe + O2 + H2O → Fe2O3. XH2O Propane Grill Have you ever prepared meat in a propane grill? The meat placed over the burner is cooked with the help of heat energy released after burning of propane gas. Thus, propane is the reactant which when burnt with the help of oxygen gives heat energy and other byproducts. Check out the balanced equation for the combustion reaction that take place in a propane grill: C3H8 + 5O2 → 4H2O + 3CO2 + energy Whether you consider cooking, souring, fermenting or burning, there is a chemical reaction accompanying these everyday processes. Thus, it won’t be wrong to say learning chemistry and chemical reactions start at home.

Where Have You Been?Where Are You Going By Joyce Oates

1. Examine the plot of your essay. Explain the basis of reasoning. The story begins by portraying Connie’s character. She is rebellious, self-centered, romantic, seductive, but lacks experience. Her life was portrayed as a girl whose only confidence was rooted from her charm and beauty. Her normal life circles around facing the mirror and making herself beautiful, being scolded by her mother, being compared to his sister, a father who don’t took time for her, and hanging out with her best friend. She loves to watch movies and listening to music. She meets boys but the story did not clearly portray of her having a boyfriend. That was once the constant life she had, then one day everything has changed. A stranger came in to their house when she was left alone. The stranger uttered promising words about escaping the cruelties she had at home and discovering the world where she could do everything she desires. She was fighting at deep inside at first. In the end she turned out to become a victim of a demonic character who seduced and threatened her through her weakness. . Explain the theme and historical content of the article The theme of the story tackles on abuses on women’s rights. The story also portrayed most problems associated with young ages like being unable to speak freely, and the lack of experience as a basis of making logical judgment. The historical content is closely associated with Women’s Movement. It was also based on a story about a psychopath on his early thirties known as â€Å"The Pied Piper of Tucson. † He loves to seduce women and then murder them. Most of her victims were teenagers in the Tucson area, for some reason they kept his secret, deliberately did not inform parents or police. Oates has been very particular in devoting some of her writings for supporting Women’s Movement. This is the response of many crusaders to rampant cases of abuses and violence – physically, emotionally, sexually against women in the past years. It was intensified in the year 1960s and early 70s and has become subjects of many debates and literature writings concerning giving equal rights and opportunities for men and women. The movement is fighting for giving women equal employment opportunities with men, freedom to speak for themselves, and balance of power in handling their relationships with families. Most of her writings were fictional portrayals of real situations and cases occurring between sexes being women as the subject of violence. Critics believed that Oates occupies a controversial position in tradition of feminist literature. She portrays most of her female characters as fearful, reliant and passive – for instance, Connie was portrayed as a young girl who has lived in the shadow of her mother’s improper upbringing. She was always scolded by her mother and being compared to his older sister in her habitual characters and actions which her mother emphasized as indecent. That kind of situation was very miserable that she’d wished she’d died as a way of departing from it. She lives in fear and was unable to overcome it. Being portrayed as young at age clearly shows women’s weakness that had turned them submissive and disregarded in most cases. Her mother as supreme over her portrays her position that is always searching to be heard. Being a victim of emotional abuse she ended up thinking of what is life outside her away from the family she hated. The whole story itself shows women as powerless against abusers. The story ended has a hanging ending, although she has escaped the cruelties at home but ends up at another abuser’s hands. While most critics have negative perceptions of her ideas about dependency of women, there are still who have defended the feminist sense in her writings. In fact, in her later works she was able to portray power of female bonds and their journey towards self discovery. 3. Offer support or criticism to the essay of your own thought. Offer support (at least TWO references). The story calls for awakening. We should not abuse every authority we have because our actions have direct effects on people around us either physically or mentally. It has rooted deep influence on its readers that it has become one of the most widely reprinted stories that have appeared on many short story compilations. In 1972, Walter Sullivan noted the story as â€Å"one of her most widely reprinted stories and justly so. † Awakening is, in the story's final lines, moving out into the sunlight where Arnold Friend waits: â€Å"My sweet little blue-eyed girl,† he said in a half-sung sigh that had nothing to do with [Connie's] brown eyes but was taken up just the same by the vast sunlit reaches of the land behind him and on all sides of him—so much land that Connie had never seen before and did not recognize except to know that she was going to it. http://www. usfca. edu/~southerr/works/film/smoothtalk. html). For Connie, it was an awakening of what is life out of home? And what is life in the real world. When treated on our present society, there are lots of individuals who became members of cruelties by those who consider themselves powerful and strong. The wise have fooled many people by their promising words and threatening. Just like how Arnold’s friend uttered promis ing words and threatening to force Connie to go with her. All throughout the story, there lines were temptations have succeeded over Connie. She never listen to her mom, but instead rebel inside and wished she and her mom would better die. Her young mind’s desire of having fun, and her ignorant desire for romance, and be able to grow old for her to escape from being tightened have exposed her to the world of the more experienced individuals. That is how Arnold’s friend met her and have started to desire for her young and desirable charm and beauty. It happens in real life; teenagers became victims of rape cases, involved in addictive vices, and do unlawful actions. The ethos of her writing was showed using real life figures: a mother, a sister, a friend, and the seducing old friend. Oates portrayed that everything that happens in our life has direct connection with the people around us. What we do and what they do have vice-versa effects on one another. The Logos of her writing was showed by presenting the demonic old friends method of seducing Connie in a logical way. He spoke of anything that Connie desired and feared that led Connie to surrender in the end. The Pathos of her writing was showed by using thrilling situations like the scene where Connie was left alone in the house and then Arnold’s friend suddenly came to threat and seduce him. Connie has appeared pitiful and powerless compared to the older stranger’s actions.

What Duty of Care Means in Children’s and Young People’s Settings

1, What duty of care means in children's and young people's settings. Duty of care in children's and young peoples setting means the adults providing care have to ensure the child is kept safe from any form of harm or abuse. This can include giving full attention, watching for hazards, accidents and mistakes and following correct procedures. Also ensuring the child is the most important part of your day. 2, How the duty of care contributes to the safeguarding or protection of individuals.The duty of care contributes to safeguarding by ensuring the child is happy, healthy and safe whilst in your care. This can be done by undertaking thorougher risk assessments and procedures/precautions to avoid accidents, mistakes and hazards such as making sure all equipment is clean and not broken, children are supervised at all time by staff who have the relevant checks and health standards are maintained when preparing food and changing nappies.Giving children attention and observing their behavi or also contributes to safeguarding as you will be better placed to notice any needs the child has as they develop. Task C 1, The main points of agreed procedures for handling complaints in children and young people's settings Listen to complaint Record complaint in writing including all details and facts Speak to manager Ensure person complaining knows a time frame for complaint to be investigated and dealt with Manager will then speak to relevant people, investigate and report back to complainant , How would you respond to a complaint. I would listen carefully and respectfully to the complaint, if appropriate (depending on the nature of the complaint) I would ask other members of staff if they can offer an insight as to what happened, then refer it to my manager. If the manager was not available I would take a written account of all the details/facts and contact the manager who would then investigate and report back to me and the complainant. If the complaint was a staff on staff complaint I would refer it straight to my manager.

The GI Bill of Rights Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The GI Bill of Rights - Term Paper Example The World War II veterans had an inordinate impact on the society. The US economy benefitted immensely by their services. Civil labor went up on statistics charts as the returning veterans put down their guns and started working just like other civilians. The returning veterans not only served as laborers but a significant number also went to various educational institutes with the incentives provided by the GI Bill. The returning veterans probably realized the importance of education. This show of determination is worth praising because many soldiers were picked for war services while they were graduating and therefore could not continue their studies. Their education was interrupted by the war and the G I Bill allowed them to return to school when the war was over. The GI Bill was different from other legal bills as it focused not on any tangible assets of the US citizens; instead, it focused on the intangible and the most important asset: the human brain. The bill liberated minds and pushed people to think freely and to pursue their thoughts. It was similar to teaching someone how to catch fish instead of hand feeding them. The GI Bill caused a silent revolution, not by forcing people out of their homes but by liberating their thoughts and suggesting to them to discover their own path. The returning veterans benefitted from this bill and the institutions got the freedom to teach in the way they prefer. That was the right way to deal with the great potential of the returning veterans. The author Michael Bennett tries to highlight various aspects of the GI Bill. He shows that this bill had more meaning and significance than what it is normally credited for. Bennett argues that the GI Bill served the US society in many ways. It let the educational institutes conduct their teachings and research programs the way they wanted. The bill never interfered in their business; instead, it gave them the freedom to enhance their strategies and make them more productive. I t gave the colleges an expanded student body and more funding. The strategy was either you made it or you flunked out. Colleges and universities grew dramatically during this era. Â  As a result of the GI Bill, the educational institutes became more accommodating to students of all backgrounds. Race, gender, and religion were no longer the hurdles and education was available to all. The beauty of the bill that the author highlights is when the war veterans returned from the battlefield, they had become accustomed to multicultural environment. And when Universities allowed students of all races to get educated, the veterans experienced a similar melting pot atmosphere they experienced during the war. The GI Bill had more impact on class than race. Before WWII college was mostly for the wealthy. The GI Bill allowed men who never thought they could afford college an opportunity and that include black men, but colleges in the South were segregated by race and in the North black student s were very much in the minority. The author argues that the returning veterans had to face financially challenging atmosphere upon their return home and the GI Bill helped them in more than one way to get them back on their feet. For instance, Les Faulk of Turtle Creek, a returning veteran

Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Human Resource - Essay Example With the help of the human resource management practice, HR mangers around the world measure performances of individual employees. It helps the organization to reach their goal. Human resource is the most important, valuable and complex resource to manage. Measuring their performances with the help of appraisal is also very difficult. Performance appraisal and performance management has very deep rooted relationship between them. According to the article, the term performance appraisal may be a modern terminology but the concept is very old. Over the years, this Human resource management practice has evolved a lot. Like many other human resource management practices this practice is not free from criticism. It is often being noticed that performance appraisal are not proper. There are certain intangible things related with performance which cannot be measured with performance appraisals. The authors state that sometimes performance appraisals are very orthodox. Performance appraisals can create unnecessary mental pressure in the mind of employees. Often performance appraisals are done by human beings. Often human beings are bias in nature. In spite of all these limitations performance appraisal is a very widely used HRM practice for performance management. The above mentioned article will contribute in measuring the performances presented by group members in case of group presentations. Performance management is all about identifying different dimensions related with employee performance. All these dimensions are scrutinized very strictly. It is a very important practice of human resource manager. According to this article, every organization wants good performances from their employees. Here comes the important of performance management. There are many tools for managing performances. The article discusses that performance appraisal is a very competent performance management tool. Modern day business is full of cut throat competitions.

Adolescent Issues Post Class Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Adolescent Issues Post Class Assignment - Essay Example ecode the word, meaning cannot be extracted, when the child cannot decode fluently and automatically, reading is slow and laborious and memory for read material is poor, when the child cannot decode and it taught to rely on â€Å"context cues† or to â€Å"guess† at words, comprehension is compromised (2008 para.2). Reading comprehension problem contributes to an underlying issue of inferential thinking or language comprehension problem. People with non-verbal or right hemisphere disorder are usually brilliant decoders. In this case, people do not have problem in remembering the precise details of read material. Such students do well in early educational period but they face difficulty with the increasing need of reading comprehension. Problems in notes taking during lectures arise due to the fact that there lay a complex comprehension difficulty and inferential thinking. Physiological and psychological impairment can also cause difficulties in comprehension. Reading comprehension is associated with tracking and scanning problems of vision. Psycho educational evaluation should be executed to identify and root out the issue (Kay, 2008 para.3, 4, 6). Joining a gang is a matter of honor and desire among teens today. Some gangs are family based while some are mercenary. Both kinds of gangs have different motivations and attractions for teens. So are the reasons of joining them. According to Wiener (1999) joining a gang is not always the choice of people gangs recruit and initiate the membership process. They protect and formulate the gang structure for their special needs. Twenty seven percent of the youth survey resulted in the result of ‘recruited’ into the current group of friends. They join gang by result of combined approaches push and pull (p.60). †¦The pull—or that which attracts the person to join—often involves four primary attractions: the lure of money, the sense of family, the assurance of protection, and the enticement of family. Of course, these

Public Sector Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Public Sector Accounting - Essay Example In order to demonstrate the differences an organization from each sector has been taken. The chosen public sector organization is The Royal Mail Holdings Plc and the publicly listed company is Aviva Plc. Royal Mail is a 100% UK Government owned organization involved with the postal services throughout UK, Ireland and Europe (Royal Mail Group Ltd, 2012). Aviva is a UK-based largest global insurance company and world’s sixth largest (Aviva, 2012). The third section demonstrates the effect of the objectives of public sector accounting and the rules and regulations governing public sector organizations in the form of differences and similarities in the format, style and accounting policies in the annual reports of Royal Mail and Aviva. The fourth section deals with the role of auditor in both the organizations. Overall the four sections in the project analyze if the differences between the two sectors’ accounting practices are prominent or if there is any reduction in their differing frameworks. Accounting Needs & Objectives The public sector encompasses all the organizations that are not owned or operated by private organizations. The organizations’ control lies in the hands of the Government, either national or local. Public sector in UK is diverse and includes nationalized industries, Government agencies and public service organizations. Nationalized industries are commercial organizations that sell goods to market but are mainly governed by government-appointed boards and ministers rather than markets or shareholders. The surplus generated from their operations is expected to enable replacement investment. The government agencies include welfare services and taxation body. These agencies are required to deliver satisfactory services to the claimants and taxpayers by using the resources at their disposal. The public service organization provides health, policing and defence services on behalf of central or local government. These services ar e financed from the tax revenues and therefore not charged from the public directly. Unlike the private sector with a clear objective of profit-making, the public sector has a complex mix of objectives and demands. It is primarily concerned with serving the general public. The importance of public sector accounting and disclosures, and their differences from the private sector accounting is due to the following reasons: Lack of making Profits: The ultimate objective of a private organization if profit making and/or creating wealth for its shareholders. However a public sector organization’s objective is not considered profit making. Sometimes this suggests the possibility of inefficient use of resources or absence of commitment to provide good service to the clients due to no profit-making. Lack of Competition: A private sector organization usually operates in an industry with direct competitors and subject to regulations by oversight regulatory bodies. Contrary to this the p ublic sector organizations are not subject to disciplines of the markets and lack the comparability with other firms. Public Interest: There is a corporate governance framework and audit rules for private organizat

If you were about to become the ruler of your own country, which parts Essay

If you were about to become the ruler of your own country, which parts of Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince with Related Document - Essay Example In establishing the structural dimensions of the text, Machiavelli makes a number of key indicating factors. In terms of my own personal rule, an element I recognize as applicable to contemporary world is when Machiavelli states, â€Å"a new ruler will need to establish himself in defiance of custom† (Machiavelli, pg. 20). When considering the rule of my own nation or region, I believe that it is important to establish a number of elements that run counter to traditional custom. It’s recognizable that extreme examples of this are demonstrated in North Korea and some Middle Eastern nations; however, my government structure would attempt to develop a cooperative means of interaction with other nations, while advancing a number of anti-conformist notions of government. For instance, my government structure would attempt to reduce the emphasis on war, and present a more liberal social policy. Another important element Machiavelli addresses in the Prince is the nature of ref orming new laws and elements of existing orders. In these regards Machiavelli sees tremendous risk, but also recognizes that such practices are necessary. In these regards, he indicates that new orders are established through force, and then gain continuity through reference to virtue. When considering laws in the contemporary world, it’s clear that nations use reference to virtue in many instances to uphold the viability of the laws. Within the United States, reference is given to the founding fathers who outlined the constitution; in Israel this is seen as the state references traditional Biblical tradition in establishing laws and social order. I recognize that as a neophyte ruler I will have to develop a reference to virtue that will aid in the establishment of laws and various governing factors. In these regards, my government structure will be greatly influenced by the transcendental thought of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. In addition to supplying a view of the universe that is accepting of scientific principles, these thinkers also present a wide variety of thought on the nature of laws and social order. In addition to these thinkers, the social laws will refer to intellectual elements in establishing virtue. While Plato speaks of a philosopher king, my new nation will not run on democratic principles, but rather function through an intellectual elite that will determine the shape of society. This concept of governance is more like the United States Supreme Court than the Congressional House of Representatives. In addition to these major elements, there are a few cursory elements that I would adopt in my rule. In terms of succession, Machiavelli indicates that individuals who gain power through simple appointment are weak and have a difficult time retaining this power. To counteract this element, my government will have a rigorous selection process wherein I will appoint my successor. In terms of tax structure, Machiavelli indicat es that too rigorous a structure will cause the people to revolt while too lax a structure will result in problematic issues for the country. Therefore, my government will take a generally conservative tax structure, wherein rather than attempting to appeal to the people through generosity, the government will guard against the people’s resentment. In these regards, the general approach to governance will not be to overly appease the populace, but rather to ensure they are moderately happy and do not

Brief economic analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Brief economic analysis - Essay Example This action also shows the government and the whole nation at large have confidence with the growth of the economy. The economy is expected to grow to convincing levels (Moore 5). The Federal acquires bonds from financial institutions like banks and investors. These bonds include mortgage securities and treasury bonds. The main purpose and goal of doing this was to reduce the pressures exerted on long-term interest rates. Make investors gain confidence in borrowing funds because they have a longer payment period. This action by the Federal Reserve also was meant to promote a stronger recovery strategy. This action by the Federal Reserve has affected people who had the motive of saving with financial institutions because the Federal Reserve has reduced the interest rates making them go to low levels (Moore 10). Some economists argue that it will have no difference in saving the money saved in the banks and keeping it in the house since it earns low returns when saved in the banks. Usually, as the interests rates reduce, people tend to save less. Investment on the hand improves although not proportionally. The other action of the Federal Reserve of buying bonds reduced the returns on bonds. Reduction of returns on bonds made investors not buy more bonds. Investors’ buy bonds with the aim of making profits from the returns they acquire, but having in mind the returns are low; they will shift their investment policies in other things. Investors shifted to buying other assets and bonds from foreign countries. Buying bonds in foreign countries will ensure that they continue makin g gains rather than having the money stay in bank accounts where they earn little returns. Another current issue in the American economic condition is the inequality challenge. There exists a big difference between the people who own corporations and the employees. The main cause of this inequality is that corporations are interested

Breast Reconstruction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Breast Reconstruction - Research Paper Example The objective of the article is to bring out a comparison between the outcomes of immediate latissimus dorsi mycocutaneous flap, also known as Lat Flap, to tissue/expander implant, EI, reconstruction after mastectomy followed by Post Mastectomy Radiation Therapy (PMRT). It is also noted that PMRT, however, has an effect of increasing surgical complication risks and may cause adverse effects on the reconstructed breast. The sample size of the study is 29, women with invasive breast cancer who were treated between 2009 and 2011 in the same institution. There was a median follow-up of 11 and 13 months for Lat Flap and EI respectively, after completion of post mastectomy radiation therapy, which showed a trend of wound complications that required reoperation that included expander/implant los in the EI group (Durkan et al., 2012). Through the comparison, capsular contracture turned out to be the most sequel of PMRT in the group of Lat Flap with 67%. It was, however, treated with capsulot omy during the time of nipple-areola reconstruction. The comparison ultimately suggests immediate breast reconstruction with a latissimus dorsi mycocutaneous flap to be a workable option for women undergoing mastectomy, who are likely to require chest wall irradiation. ... and treated with mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction that was followed by post mastectomy radiation therapy between February 23, 2009, and June 24, 2011. The team then did an analysis of the medical charts with respect to various variable including; unilateral or bilateral mastectomy, tumor size and characteristics, age of the patient, lymph node involvement, BRCA mutadon status, radiation therapy, chemotherapy use, type of reconstructive surgery performed, completion of reconstruction, total number of operations, length of follow-up, need for revision after final reconstruction, and complications including capsular contracture, wound infection, and implant loss (Durkan et al 2012). The methods of reconstruction employed at the institution were based on patients’ preferences and surgeon discretion. There was no precise protocol referring patients to a particular reconstruction type. There was an x2 test of proportions which was employed for the evaluation of associa tions for non-continuous data, while continuous variables were reported as median values and an analysis made using Student’s unpaired t test. A P value of < 0.05 was considered significant. In the view of the article, the question to be answered is brought out as a demonstration of wound complication rate differences between Lat Flap and EI reconstructions in the setting of post mastectomy radiation therapy. The study population is selected after a careful review, data is obtained, analyzed, interpreted and eventually a conclusion was drawn. Section 2 Statistical methods The team upon approval collected data from radiation oncology database with the aim of interpreting and doing an analysis that would lead to the arrival at a conclusion of comparing the outcomes of immediate latissimus dorsi

Hiv Ethical Dilemma Essay Example for Free

Hiv Ethical Dilemma Essay Hypothetical HIV case The case related to a diagnosed HIV client who sees a psychologist for psycho-education and psychological support following the diagnosis of his condition. In discussing it becomes apparent that the client is reluctant in telling his partner or practicing protective sex. The client is angry and indicated that he even considers deliberately infecting other potential partners. Dilemma 1) Reluctance to advise partner The organisation reasonably believes that the use or disclosure is necessary to lessen or prevent: (i) a serious and imminent threat to an individual’s life, health or safety; or (ii) a serious threat to public health or public safety; or (f) the organisation has reason to suspect that unlawful activity has been, is being or may be engaged in, and uses or discloses the personal information as a necessary part of its investigation of the matter or in reporting its concerns to relevant persons or authorities; or ACTION Taken: All six points including reporting client to Police for taking further action

Effects of ICT Essay Example for Free

Effects of ICT Essay New Technologies The new technologies in the computer industrial have made major advances. This has opened new jobs but have also lost job. Things can be done faster and over night. It has become easier and faster to send thing across the world. Mail has become so fast that you van now see events and meet with people in video with people that are on the other side of the world. From the invention of the computer people has tried to make them smaller and faster. In the beginning they made 3 forms of computer, apple Macs, IBM mainframes, and desktop pc. When this was going on IBM were leading the way with the mainframes but as IBM moved into making mainframes the desktop pc began to get popular. IBM was forced out of the industry. Since then they have lost out on a lot of the market. This led the market open and has been filled with other companies. Since then there has been a lot of new technologies like faster internet and the need for speed as increased and the need better communication between people all over the world. Advantages of ICT The advantage of ICT is that it is fast and is cheaper to run than people. This has led to a revolution in building on production lines. For example in Ford at the car plant in Dagenham they have replaced the working line that once had many people to a line made of robots to do one job at a time. Another advantage of ICT is that is easier to talk to people on the other side of the world form your home computer. With advances in technologies we can have video meeting and conference with people across the world. The world has now become small. Disadvantages of ICT The disadvantages of ICT is that cause of millions have job have been lost due the revolution it has left millions of people out of work. This has also left people with no money, but when the car was invented what happened to the horse and cab driver. They trained in driving cars. So people who lost their jobs should train in the technologies and adapt to the changes. An animal in the environment that has a changed his eco system changes to fit in so why cant we. Effects of ICT in the work place ICT has greatly effect the work place because of new ways of communicating with other people across the world and the people that would have jobs like printing or running printing presses. They jobs would have gone to save money with the bosses and they would have been replaced with jobs like computer operators. This would be cheaper for the management and faster. It has also changed the world does business in transfers and moving money from account to account. With the invention of the Internet speed will only get faster and better quality will always come on the market. This means when you pay for goodies the money is transferred directly into the supplier accounts. It doesnt just work on a small market but when you buy stokes and shares they are paid directly and the value can go up or down according to want you do. In offices these days they will put a computer work station at every desk to have easy access to the documents and other personal or business resources. This is capable cause of they network that the computer is connect to. The environmental Effects of ICT The effects of Computers in the environment is that we dont use as much paper as we used to so therefore there have been a lot less trees cut down due to this. With no computer powered machine to cut the wood there is also a lot less wastage from other forms of waste from the wood and the paper being wasted. In an older office they would use a lot of paper to write things down to remember things. This made people use more paper and when there was a memo going round the office they would use the paper to write it on to. This would have meant the why would have use millions of tons of waste paper every year. With and e system they would use and email to save paper because it is faster and more efficient to get a message to someone. This means that people would save so much more money than they spend on paper. Now they only would use paper in a letter that they would print off and give to the people that they would go to. The Social, Moral and Ethical Issues of Computers These issues are to do with the way we use things like credit cards and debit cards in our socialites today. These cards are used to borrow money to pay for other things like clothes and food. This is always using to pay as a substitute to money. These are known as credit cards. Credit means to borrow and pay back at the end of the month or the end of the period that you have borrowed that money. Another effect of Computer is the health and safety of them. Computer can cause stress and muscle pain in later life because you have to sit down and look at a monitor, which could give off radiation. These problems all need to be looked at when putting in an e system into a work place. Personal Privacy The issue of personal privacy because of computer they have a large amount of data in large database about different people across the UK. This can mean that they can sell your data to other people across the UK and therefore the junk mail is increased. These database hold information like your name, age, phone number, where you live, email address and in some database bank details. The information in these databases can be used for junk mail and other things that is not need for you. These are used for gaining information on people. Data Protection Act The data protection act of 1984 says that data that has been acquired lawfully from then person that the data concerned. It should also be up to date. There was a new data protection act of 1998 says that data can be build up over time but I needs to be keep lawfully and not given away for unknown uses, They should be given a small amount of information that would need to be transferred between two companies. Valid Data It is important that data is kept up to date by the companies cause if it is stored on a computer over a long period of time this has to been change in order if someone was to change there address or change the job. This is done by legitimate sources for the persons that have been put in to this. Everyone should be very careful on who they give out there data to. Security of Data The companies that also have the data need to keep are stored in a safe place and have it up to date. This has protected your files from hackers by using an encryption of data. This means that your data has to be secure in all ways.

Effects of Childhood Malnutrition and Child Obesity

Effects of Childhood Malnutrition and Child Obesity A literature review is a compilation of resources that provide the ground work for further study. It is frequently found as a subsection of a published research study. Literature review refers to the activities involves in searching for information on a topic and developing a comprehensive picture of the state of the knowledge on the topic. Review of literature is a written summary of the study conducted previously related to the present study topic. (Polit and Hungler, 1999) The researcher carried out an extensive review of literature on the research topic in order to gain deeper insight into the problem and to collect maximum relevant information for building the foundations of the study. In the present study the review of literature is organized under the following headings; Section-I: Studies related to malnutrition and obesity at school level. Section-II: Studies related to effect of planned nursing intervention. Section-III: Studies related to knowledge and practice on Healthy Food Habits among children. Section-IV: Studies related to Penders Health Promotion Model Theory Section-V: Studies related to Conceptual framework based on Penders health promotion model (2002) SECTION-I: STUDIES RELATED TO MALNUTRITION AND OBESITY Malnutrition in early childhood causes irreparable damage to the development of child and results in wastage of human resources. Hence reduction in the high rate of child mortality and morbidity due to malnutrition becomes an important task of policy makers and social development planners survey conducted in rural areas of India revealed that abut 90% of the children suffer from different grades of malnutrion and about 15% of them are in extreme degrees of malnutrition. Shetty, P.S.,(2000) concluded that the reduction in energy intake below the acceptable level of requirement for an individual results in a series of physiological and behavioural responses, which are considered as an adaptation to the low energy intake. This ability of the human body to adopt to a lowering of the energy intake is without doubt beneficial to the survival of the individual. Increases in metabolic efficiency are not ready seen in individuals who on long term marginal intakes probably from childhood, have developed into short statured, low body weight adults with a different body composition. The evidence that behavioural adaptation in habitual physical activity patterns which occurs on energy restriction is not necessarily beneficial to the individual raises doubts about the role of adaptation to low intakes in determining ones requirement for energy. Hensrud, DD., (2000) reviewed a journal nutrition screening and assessment which revealed the both under nutrition and over nutrition contribute to increased risk of morbidity and mortality. For patients determined to be at risk further nutrition assessment can be performed to help drive at specific nutritional treatment goals. Identifying and treating malnutrition can potentially have an important impact on decreasing mortality and mortality and morbity and in the population. Rio-Grande Dosul., (2004) obese increased by about 60% in middle school children for every additional serving per day of sugar sweetened beverage. Obesity occurs more frequently in the more developed regions of the country (South and South East) due to the changes in habits associated with this process. Food intake has been related to obesity not only in terms of the volume of food ingested ,but also in terms of the composition and quality of the diet. Further more, eating habits have also changed and current habits -including the low consumption of tidbits goodies(cookies with fillings ,salty industrialized snacks, sweets)and soft drinks, as well as not having breakfast-help explain, atleast partially, the continuous increase in adiposity among children. Rodriguez, NR., (2005) concluded that the children have distinct nutritional needs relative to growth. Adequate intakes of energy and essential amino acids are necessary for optimal deposition of lean body mass and normal growth in young children. Most recommendations for children represents an inter-population of data derived from infants and adults. Indeed current protein status in children was evaluated using classic nitrogen balance protocols. This work indicates that a wide range of protein intakes (0.6-2.9g/kg)can be considered for young ,growing children. The ability of nitrogen balance studies to accurately reflect protein utilization has been examined and it appears that further investigations of protein utilization in children using stable isotope methodology, as well as traditional nitrogen balance protocols are necessary to better evaluate protein needs of growing children. Charles., (2005) the prevalence of obesity has risen dramatically among children in the U.S. and throughout the world since the 1960s.many factors are thought to have contributed to the epidemic of pediatric obesity. one factor that has received increasing attention is consumption of sugar sweetened beverages. feeding studies suggest physiological mechanisms by which sugar in liquid form may be less satiating than other foods Veteri, F.E., (2010) aimed at providing information on a series of question related to the adequate protein and energy intakes that allow adequate growth and function in children and work performance and productivity in adults. The effect of different sources of protein on nitrogen balance and the requirements of essential aminoacids in young children were also explored in fully recovered previously malnourished children housed in the metabolic ward of the biomedical division of INCAP. Animal experiments and studies in children recovering from protein energy malnutrition (PEM) strongly suggest that even when requirements of all nutrients are satisfied. Inactivity reduces the rate of linear growth and physical activity improves it as well as lean body mass repletion. The effects of different energy intake modifies the need to ingest different amounts of protein to satisfy protein requirements. (PMID-20461903) As to knowledge concerning aspects of nutrition 90.8% of the children correctly responded to the questions concerning foods that were sources of vitamins and minerals 23.4% to the questions concerning healthier foods, 19% to the questions concerning foods rich in fats 25.8% to the questions on food sources of fibers and 4.9% to the questions on food that supply the body with more energy. Collaborating a tendency that has been reported in the literature the present study indicates an association between eating habits that are less healthy and obesity consumed.96 children ages 8-10 years in children a developing nation characterized as undergoing a nutrition transition, the subjects selected for current sugar -sweetened soft drink consumption will be randomly assigned to intervention. SECTION-II: STUDIES RELATED TO EFFECT OF PLANNED NURSING INTERVENTION Piffer.S, Kaisermann.D., (2003) presented paper reports the results of a survey on dietary habits of 1,398 children attending first class of primary school in Trento province (Northern Italy)the following items were investigated. Frequency of break fast and food intake .frequency of foods at school the conception of tracer foods as vegetables, fruits, and sweet was also investigated. The results were analysed according gender, area of residence, teaching method and educational level of parents. The data about nutritional style are satisfactory even if they are strongly associated to education level of parents, above all of the mother. The adequacy of nutritional style is increasing with the increasing of educational level. School meal, offering selected foods to all children attending fulltime teaching section, can re-equalibrate nutritional style, decreasing the differences associated to education level of the parents. Delisle, H., (2010) conducted study on dietary patterns in different groups of African origin undergoing nutrition transition, University of Montreal, Canada. In population undergoing nutrition transition, it is important to identify healthy and culturally relevant dietary patterns that can be promoted as a means of preventing diet-related chronic diseases. Dietary pattern analyses using data driven methods are useful for the purpose. The central question addressed in this overview paper is whether there are culture specific healthy eating patterns, or whether healthy diets may be more universal. Our studies on dietary patterns in population groups of African origin living in Canada (Miontreal), Europe (Madrid), and West Africa (urban and rural Benin) inform the discussion. Healthy or prudent, as opposed to Western, eating patterns are identified in several cultures, including groups of African origin. It appears that a limited number of foods predict diet quality and health outcome s in various population groups; in particular, fruit and vegetables, fish, whole grain cereal, and legumes do so on the protective side, and sweets, processed meats, fried foods, fats and oils, and salty snacks do so on the negative side. Further research on dietary patterns and their healthfulness is required in diverse food cultures. In groups of African origin, traditional diets are healthier than the nontraditional dietary patterns that have evolved with globalization, urbanization, or acculturation, although micronutrient intakes need to improve. Additionally, healthy eating patterns are only feasible if access to food is adequate. Present data can be used for implementing and improving health promotion action on correct dietary habits in child hood, keeping count of the role of education level of the parents. As children develop, they require appropriately, sized, portions of the same healthy foods adults eat along with more vitamins and minerals to support growing bodies. This means whole grains (whole wheat oats, barley, rice, millet) a wide variety of fresh fruits and vegetables a source of calcium for growing bones (milk, yogurt) and healthy protein (fish, eggs, poultry, lean meat, nuts and seeds). SECTION-III: STUDIES RELATED TO KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE ON HEALTHY FOOD HABITS AMONG CHILDREN: This article examines the nutrition practices of black African children attending farm schools and looks at what they know about nutrition. Two schools participated in the study, which involved 132 primary school children aged 8-16years.A structured questionnaire revealed the childrens knowledge about nutrition related issues, and focus group discussions brought to the lives of the children living on commercial farms in the North west province. The findings provide strong support for the view that while nutrition education is important to childrens development of nutrition knowledge, good dietary practices and overall nutritional status, so also are influences from the childrens social, economic and psychological environment. Gil, A., (2009) the study assessed dietary patterns and quality in Bubi immigrants (from Equatorial Guinea) using cluster analysis and comparing different diet quality indexes. A Ninety nine items food frequency questionnaire was administered, body weights and heights were self reported and socio-demographic and health information was collected during interviews. Two dietary patterns were identified. The healthier pattern, so confirmed by two dietary quality indexes, featured a higher consumption of fish, fruits, vegetables, legumes, dairy products and bread while the western pattern included more processed meat, animal fat, and sweetened foods and drinks. One third of the subjects were in the Healthier food cluster, with the same proportion of men and women. Age >of = 30 and residence in Madrid > or = 10 years were independently associated with the healthier diet. Consumption of traditional foods was unrelated to dietary pattern, however. Overall, Bubi diets were somewhat protective because of high intakes of fruits and vegetables and monounsaturated fat (olive oil), but not with respect to sugar, cholesterol, omega-3 fatty acids and fibre. Less than two thirds of subjects had adequate intakes of iron, calcium and folate in both dietary phenotypes. Body mass index, physical exercise, and self-reported health and cardiovascular disease condition showed no significant association with the dietary pattern. SECTION-IV: STUDIES RELATED TO PENDERS HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL Austin David, R., (2000) it describes the Health promotion model of therapeutic recreation. following a brief introduction and an overview of the model, concepts that underlie the model are presented. concepts included are the humanistic perspective, high level wellness, the stabilization and actualization tendencies, and health. It is a description of the various components of the model and information on utilization of the model in practice. The final sections of the article are concern with the models strengths and limitations and the continuing development of the model. Health, nursing, psychology, therapeutic recreation, and recreation and leisure studies literature are drawn upon for support of the model. Calderon, (2002) the programme was designed based on the findings of a national sample to assess knowledge, beliefs and practices of breast cancer early detection in Puerto Rican elderly women and their perceptions of barriers associated with non compliance. It involves the combination of educational and environmental support for actions and conditions conductive to health behavior and consists of the following components;(i)a culture and cohort sensitive health education programme for elderly women on breast cancer screening and assertive strategies for client physician relationship.(ii)training for primary care providers on current guidelines and barriers affecting compliance among older women in Puerto Rico and(iii)co-ordination of necessary support services to facilitate access to clinical breast exams and mammograms programme implementation considers appropriate theories for health promotion and education in the older population. Evaluation measured progress in the plan implemen tation by assessing immediate products and long term impact of the programme results of the pilot programme revealed a slight increase in knowledge and a significant decrease (p

Racism in The Color of Fear Essay example -- Color Fear Film Movie Rac

Racism in The Color of Fear Let’s start with the definition of racism. Racism refers to the belief that race is the primary determinant of human capacities, that a certain race is inherently superior or inferior to others, and/or that individuals should be treated differently based on their ascribed race. There are two main issues in the movie the â€Å"The Color of Fear† that I will discuss. These two issues include grouping people of color on the basis of the way one looks, and the attitudes of different races towards one another. Including also the idea that the white â€Å"do-gooder† feels that subconsciously racism is being taken care of, when in all reality it isn’t. The eight men in The Color of Fear candidly discussed racism not only as "whites oppressing blacks," but also the less addressed sides of racial trouble in America. A white man earnestly stating that he had never oppressed anyone in his entire life, and a Hispanic man talking about being afraid of driving in front of pickup trucks with gun racks, shows how there needs to be more progress towards ending these feelings in America. Stereotypes were openly declared, from Asians as "the model minority" to blacks as "lazy, violent, and dangerous." So the first issue is mainly a white culture problem; white people like to categorize those who do not look white and put the non whites into groups based on the color of their skin. Whites like to group together that which they do not understand. Man has been taugh...

Herman Melville :: essays research papers

Herman Melville created many characters in his writing that had a mysterious nature to them. Melville himself had a bit of mystery in his own personal character and this quality is shown through many characters such as Claggart and Bartleby. Besides having a mysterious side to him, this author was stubborn. Even though his work wasn’t always praised he remained determined and pretty much always wrote what he wanted to write. This stubbornness was shown through his characters Captain Veere in Billy Budd and Bartleby in the story "Bartleby the Scrivener." Melville was also passively resistant and he shows this through his characters Billy Budd and Bartleby. Herman Melville portrayed himself in his writing by giving personality traits to his literary characters that were similar to the ones he himself possessed. Melville had a strong desire to reveal the complexities of human life, so mystery was often a trait of his characters. An example of this would be his character Bartleby. Throughout the story, the reader has no clue what Bartleby is thinking, so Melville creates an air of mystery about this character. Another of Melville’s characters that show this quality is Claggart in the book Billy Budd. Claggart is constantly referred to as being mysterious, "†¦a nut not to be cracked by the top of a ladies fan (Billy Budd). Besides being mysterious, Melville is stubborn and this comes out through his characters Captain Veere and Bartleby. Like most writers, Melville’s career had its ups and downs, and his work was not always praised. Even though readers didn’t always appreciate his writing or writing style, he continued to write the books that he wanted to write. He quotes "What I feel most moved to write, that is banned- it will not pay, yet, altogether write the other way I cannot."(P. 8 Cliffs). The author shows his stubbornness through the character of Bartleby. To every request directed at him he replies, "I’d prefer not to", which suggests the authors own obstinacy. Another of Herman’s characters that has a stubborn nature is captain Veere. He does not let his own feelings of those of the crew interfere with the strict facts of the case, which eventually resulted in Billy’s death. He remains stubborn with his decision and makes no exceptio ns in any case. Another personality trait Melville portrays in his writing is passive resistance. By Melville not changing his writing style to please society he is passively resisting.

Ethical Dilemmas in Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird Essay -- Kill M

Ethical Dilemmas in Harper Lee's To Kill A Mockingbird Black and white, right and wrong; do decisions that simple and clear even exist? Does a decision ever mean gaining everything without giving anything up? Many characters in To Kill A Mockingbird are forced to make difficult, heart wrenching decisions that have no clear right answer. Harper Lee presents many of these important decisions in To Kill A Mockingbird as ethical dilemmas, or situations that require a choice between two difficult alternatives. Both of these alternatives have unpleasant aspects and question morals and ethics. A person is put in an awkward position, with their mind saying contradicting things. These dilemmas are presented in many different ways. The decisions in the beginning of the book are simple and can be solved quite easily, yet they are symbolic of later decisions. Other dilemmas place adult-like decisions in the lap of a child. One dilemma concerned a man burdened with the strict traditions of the South. Then there are the two biggest dilemm as, Atticus' decision to take the case and Heck Tate's choice between truth and the emotional well being of a man. Lee's ingenious storyline is established by these crucial and mentally arduous choices faced by the characters. The first half of To Kill A Mockingbird contains many classic dilemmas that serve as models for more important problems later to come. For example, Atticus is forced into a choice between disobeying Scout's teacher and doing what he feels is right for Scout. Atticus wants Scout to retain her respect for the teacher and to continue following her instructions. Yet, he knows that the time he shares with his daughter is very important and is something that will h... ...o take. Unlike plot, the ethical dilemmas do not follow in importance from beginning to end. The most important decision occurred in the middle of the book, however the final ethical dilemma was very important in bringing the reader a feeling of conclusion. The perfection to which the ethical dilemmas were presented and resolved was impressive and key to the stunning impact of To Kill A Mockingbird. Sources Consulted Erisman, Fred. "The Ethical Dilemmas of Harper Lee." Alabama Review April 26, 1983: 122-36. Johnson, Claudia. "The Secret Courts of Men's Hearts: Code and Law in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird." Studies in American Fiction (1991):129-139. Jones, Carolyn. "Black and White and Atticus Finch." The Southern Quarterly Summer 1999: 56-63. Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. New York City, NY:Â   J.B.Lippincott Company, 1990.

Different Cultural Identities Dilemma Essay

The memoir Farewell to Manzanar, written by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston, tells of her experience at Manzanar internment camp after the Pacific War broke out. During the internment of Japanese-Americans, their living standards fell drastically; moreover, they faced Japanese and American values and identity conflicts. It was hard for these Japanese Americans to maintain two different cultural identities for several reasons. In the first place, they suffered from racial discrimination. In the 1940s, mainstream society and the government discriminated against Japanese Americans who were viewed as potentially dangerous people who might betray the US. Thus, Japanese Americans found it was hard to be accepted by others in America. In addition, they largely insisted on their own cultural identities. They were not willing to give up Japanese identities after arriving in America. Chinese immigrants would like to get together and formed Chinatown for the same reason. In the article, â€Å"Two wor lds, one family,† Jen Maldonado was imposed on pressure by her Taiwanese friends who insisted on Chinese culture, when she wanted to develop a cross-cultural relationship with an American. It is hard to successfully balance two different cultural identities because of racial discrimination and the adherence to people’s former culture as will be shown using evidence from Farewell to Manzanar, â€Å"Two worlds, one family† and my personal observations. In the 1940s, Japanese-Americans suffered from racial discrimination; thus, they had a hard time getting into mainstream society and balancing their cultural identities. The government never showed full trust towards these immigrants who were viewed as threats to American national security. In order to supervise Japanese-Americans and prevent any potential danger, the government relocated Japanese Americans to internment camps, which exacerbated cultural conflicts and undermined basic human rights. The racist decision that the government made led Japanese Americans to feel that they were incompatible with American culture. Because of the racial discrimination the government initialized, many Japanese immigran ts thought they were insulted, and so they struggled to accept their American identities. Some of them even wanted to get rid of American identities and went back to Japan. As a result, racial discrimination threatened their American identities. Houston and her friend Radine shared many qualities in common and became the best friends. Although they were socially equal, they were treated in completely different ways because of racism. Houston was not culturally accepted by mainstream society as Radine was. Boys were more likely to ask Radine to the dances, even though they flirted with Houston. Houston was barred from sororities, but Radine was admitted to join them. Houston said that, â€Å"Watching, I am simply emptied, and in the dream I want to cry out, because she is something I can never be†(172). Houston never stopped attempting to retain American identity; however, prejudice of her oriental characteristics obstructed her effort. She looked forward to fulfilling her American identity, but she was too helpless and powerless to challenge enormous racial discrimination, Other than prejudice against Japanese-Americans, another reason that caused people from different cultures to struggle to balance two cultural iden tities was adherence to their own culture. After arriving at the continent and staying there for years, many Japanese immigrants still considered that they were more Japanese than American. They were not willing to give up their own culture, and so they confronted cultural conflicts. A minority of people in the camps labeled members of the Japanese American Citizens League â€Å"inu† for â€Å"having helped the army arrange a peaceful and orderly evacuation†(67). â€Å"Inu† meant collaborator or informer in Japanese. The hatred towards these pro-American Japanese immigrants and disrespectful insult words revealed their strong belief in Japan and hostility towards America. To people’s surprise, the author’s father who stood up to defend the point of view that immigrants should be loyal to American government was assaulted and condemned by his peers. Although these pro-Japan immigrants had been in America for many years, they still insisted that they were more Japanese. It was the thought that some Japanese Americans were not capable of integrating into American culture and balancing two identities. Chinatown exemplified that Chinese immigrants insisted on their own culture. Chinese immigrants were viewed as a group of conservative and un-American people after they first came to America. They showed keen interests in preserving Chinese culture, but they would not adapt themselves to American society. Therefore, their refusal to give up Chinese identity led to their isolation and failure to balance two cultural identities Their adherence promoted the formation of Chinatown, a Chinese world in alien countries. In the article, â€Å"Two worlds, one family,† â€Å"Jen’s Taiwanese friends started giving her grief for dating an American.† They were strict about Chinese culture and rejected the cross-cultural marriage. Jen was also warned that she â€Å"‘needed to stick with someone from her own culture.'† By this, her friends hoped that Jen could retain her Chinese identity by narrowing down her dating range. However, many cases had proven that the cross-cultural marriage played an important role in balancing different cultura l identities. When people with different cultural backgrounds decide to form cross-cultural families, they build a bridge of cultural communication. Thus, her friends’ thoughts undermined cultural exchange. To conclude, it is hard to successfully balance two different cultural identities. Racial discrimination stopped Japanese Americans from balancing their cultural identities. In the wartime, the mainstream society held hostility towards these immigrants, and so they were isolated by the majority. Moreover, some people’s adherence to their former culture became the obstacle of integrating into American society. Chinese always struggled to have cross-cultural communications proceed effectively and successfully due to their insistence on Chinese identity. In the article, â€Å"Two worlds, one family,† Jen was hoped that she could date Chinese persons by her friends. However, their insistence seemed to be stubborn because it blocked effective communication between people from different cultural backgrounds. In order to balance two different cultural identities, people should be more lenient with newcomers and more open to new culture.

Economics Commentary- Prices of onions jumped yesterday, buoyed by a ban by India on the export of the item Essay

Prices of onions jumped yesterday, buoyed by a ban by India on the export of the item, traders said. The price of onions rose to Tk 36-45 a kilogram yesterday from Tk 32-42 on Thursday in markets in Dhaka, according to Trading Corporation of Bangladesh. The wholesale prices of onions also rose. â€Å"There is a lack in the supply of onions in the market. Those who are still hoarding stocks are reluctant to sell as well,† said Idris Ahmed, owner of a wholesale store, Dhaka Baniyalaya at Shyambazar. He said onions were selling at Tk 35-36 a kilogram at the wholesale market of Shyambazar yesterday. Prices went up since Friday afternoon, after news of the ban by India, said Ahmed. The prices of locally produced onions also rose, influenced by the move by India, he added. This is the second time in less than a year that India restricted onion exports to curb the hike in prices, according to Indian news reports. On September 8, an Indian ministerial panel banned onion exports following a steep rise in prices, reports Reuters, quoting Food Minister KV Thomas. The restriction came in effect on Friday. â€Å"We will review the ban every fortnight,† said Thomas. Bangladesh meets much of its local demand for onions by importing it from the neighbouring country. Since Saturday, 80 onion-laden trucks entered Bangladesh till yesterday afternoon, our Chapainawabganj correspondent reports. No shipment took place at the Bhomra Land Port yesterday. The trucks carrying onions that came to the Ghojadanga Land Port on the Indian side returned without shipment, our Sathkhira correspondent reports. Babul Hasnat Durul, an onion importer at Sona Masjid, said their suppliers are not shipping onions against the previously placed orders by Bangladeshi importers. â€Å"We are worried. If onions are not exported against the already opened letters of credit (LCs), we will incur losses,† said Durul. The LCs came to a halt following the ban on exports, said Islam of the C& F Agents Association. The disruption in supply from India led to the hike in the prices of locally produced onions, said Mohammad Aminul Islam, an onion wholesaler at Karwan Bazar. He bought a 40 kilogram bag of onions from Pabna on Saturday at Tk 1,450, he said. Prices for the same stood at Tk 1,300-1,350 last week, he added. This article talks about the rise in onion prices that has happened in Bangladesh due to a shortage of onion. The shortage is due to the restriction on onion exports imposed by the Indian government. This has resulted in a decrease in supply (the amount of a commodity that sellers are willing and able to sell at different prices) resulting in price rise. Price of onion in the market is determined by the demand (the amount of a commodity that consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices) for and the supply of onions. Initially the market was equilibrium (this is the point where demand is equal to supply) at point E where at P* price Q* amount was purchased and sold. Due to the ban imposed by the Indian government on exports of onions, the supply of onions in the Bangladesh market has decreased substantially. This is because Bangladesh relies on imports of onions from neighboring countries for the supply in its domestic market The decrease in supply will shift the supply curve to the left from S to S1. This will result in a new equilibrium E1 with a higher equilibrium price. As the article says that the â€Å"price of onion rose to Tk 36-45 a kilogram from Tk 32-42 The higher onion prices will reduce the quantity demanded and people with limited income or low income will have to switch to the available substitutes (goods which satisfy the same wants) like radish. Also industries like restaurants which use onions as inputs will experience an increase in the cost of produced and will be forced to increase price to keep profits constant. The Indian government’s decision to restrict exports of onions will increase the supply of onion in the Indian market. This will result in lower onion prices in India, and hence Indian consumers will benefit. On the other hand onion being a necessary commodity will have an inelastic demand (when for a certain percentage change in price, the quantity demanded will change less than proportionate.) Higher prices in onion will result in a greater expenditure of households and hence Bangladeshi consumers will be the losers. The Bangladeshi farmers and traders who have onion stocks will gain from the higher prices. The Bangladesh government may have to impose a subsidy (payment by government to producers of goods and services either to increase supply or reduced cost) or maximum prices (price imposed below equilibrium price through legislation by the government to protect the interest of consumers) in order to control the onion prices. Provision of subsidy will result in a greater government expenditure which will have an opportunity cost (the next best alternative for government) in terms of various welfare services which need to be sacrificed. Imposition of maximum prices will result in greater shortages and may increase the problem. In order to deal with this situation the government of Bangladesh may resort to import onion from other countries which have surplus. However this is only a short run solution (time period during which at least one factor of production cannot be changed) solution to deal with the immediate prices. Imports will increase supply and thereby reduced price of this commodity and benefit the Bangladeshi households. To deal with this problem in the long run (time period where all factors become variable) the Bangladeshi government should encourage greater domestic production of onion. This can be done by giving subsidy’s to onion producers or spreading awareness to popularise onion production. The government should also try and reduce onion hoarding by traders in Bangladesh market. Hoarding is an illegal activity and the government should be vigilant to stop this. The government also need to improve infrastructure facilities like irrigation, transportation and storage facilities to reduce the fluctuation in the supply of agricultural goods. The government can also build a buffer stock (a stock of essential food grain and strategic materials held by government to deal with unforced seen events) of essential food grains to reduce the fluctuations in the prices of agricultural products like onions. However all this involves a lot of government expenditure which may result in higher government borrowing and greater taxes.

The Effect of Custodial Sentences

What is the effect of custodial sentences on the mental health of young offenders' in England aged between 12-17 years?Introduction(200 Words)There is widespread concern that the prison environment, with its rules and regimes, may have a detrimental impact on the mental health of young offenders, and those with mental illnesses in particular (Birmingham, 2003). The world health organization defined mental health as a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community WHO (2014). That is, good mental health is one being generally able to think, feel and react in the ways that you need and want to live your life. But if you go through a period of poor mental health you might find the ways you're frequently thinking, feeling or reacting become difficult, or even impossible, to cope with. This can feel just as bad as a physical illness, or even worse. This research proposal necessitate the rationale for looking into the effects of custodial sentences in the age bracket. Highlighting the aim and objectives for a comprehensive research with methodological justification and the need to scrutinize ethical bias issues in surface. Furthermore, timetable is been developed to facilitate for better analysis and conduct of the research. Also, self-reflection in conclusion is adopted as a way of assessing ways of working and how the research proposal was conducted. Research texts (Gray 2009; Robson 2011; Saunders ; Lewis, 2012) consistently argue – a clear research question supported by a convincing rationale justified by academic literature is essential for a good research project. Background and Rationale for the study (800 words)In spite of the fact that there is a growing body of writing on the mental health needs of young people in the justice system, there remain many unanswered questions.In the year ending March 2016, there were 27,900 young people sentenced in England. This number has fallen by 10% compared with the previous year, and by 71% since the year ending March 2006. However, Community sentences including referral orders and Youth Rehabilitation Orders were most commonly imposed in 68% of sentences Youth Justice Board (2017). Children and young people in custody are three times as likely as their peers to have unmet mental health need, with many having experienced multiple traumas during their young lives such as neglect, abuse and maltreatment. Children in custody are facing a significant shortfall in mental health provision, with some given no access to psychology services and having to wait more than half a year for treatment. Young offenders aged between 12 and 17, many of whom suffer with mental health problems, are being left with urgent needs unmet due to reduced services in secure training centres (STCs) according to recent HMP inspections Youth Justice Board (2017). The 2016 Ministry of Justice review on children who are in the justice system reported that significant numbers of black, Muslim and white working class boys in custody have mental and other health problems. These groups are particularly over-represented in custody, where over 40% are from black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) backgrounds, a large proportion have previously been in care 38% in Young Offender Institutions, 52% in Secure Training Centers, and more than a third have a diagnosed mental health disorder Ministry of Justice (2016). All children who come into contact with youth justice services are vulnerable by virtue of their young age and developmental immaturity according to the prison reform trust The Prison Reform Trust (2010).Many, however, are doubly vulnerable, that is, they are disadvantaged socially, educationally, and also because they experience a range of impairments and emotional difficulties. It is well established that children who offend have more complex health and support needs than other children of their age (Mental Health Foundation 2002).The health and wellbeing needs of these children tend to be particularly severe by the time they are at risk of receiving a community sentence, and even more so when they receive a custodial sentence. If these children are not helped at an early age, they can be sentenced to a lifetime of declining health and worsening offending behavior, with significant long term costs to the taxpayer, and to the victims of these crimes. Brief contacts with the youth justice system are only one element of state intervention in the lives of these children and their families; the role of schools, social care and health services are all critical determinants of improving outcomes Local Government Association (2017). There has been evidence that suggest young that people within the youth justice system have high level of needs in a number of different areas, including health, education, and social and emotional well-being (Chitsabesan et al., 2006; Lader et al., 2000). In particular, studies consistently suggest that young offenders have high levels of mental health needs (Teplin et al., 2002) and neurodevelopmental disorders (Hughes et al., 2012). Even though evidence of high prevalence is found, many of these needs are unmet due to lack of appropriate screening and identification and poor continuity of care (Harrington and Bailey, 2005). This is particularly apparent amongst young people in custody. The British Medical Association sets out with clarity and integrity the human rights principles that provide the foundation for good work with vulnerable children in trouble with the law. The British Medical Association report makes it clear, that young offender institution and other places of youth detention are not full of happy, healthy children and young (BMA 2014,p10)Young offenders' experience of abuse has been found to be significant factors in their lives Beyond Youth Custody (2014). The majority of young violent offenders sentenced to custody had experienced both abuse and loss, suggesting that the existence of a double childhood trauma may be a potent factor in the lives of violent young offenders. However, it must be stressed that child abuse and loss are not the only potential causes of violent offending, nor does every abused child become an offender. Yet an unresolved trauma is likely to manifest itself in some way at a later date. Many children become depressed, disturbed, violent or all three, with girls tending to internalise their responses and boys tending to externalise theirs. Such experiences are sufficiently prevalent to warrant the introduction of systematic assessment for violent young offenders. Attempting to address young offenders' behavior without understanding their underlying difficulties can result in unsuccessful and sometimes detrimental interventions. Failure to take account of experiences of trauma and its impact upon child development and emotional well-being will limit the potential benefits of resettlement or rehabilitation work. According to the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies (2010) Justice Policy Review, the coalition government published a green paper on punishment, rehabilitation and sentencing which promised a ‘rehabilitation revolution ‘in relation to its plans for dealing with offending by young people, ‘We must do better so that we can stop the young offenders of today becoming the prolific adult offenders of tomorrow'.an emphasis on prevention, on restorative justice, and on informal intervention points to successive governments concerns about the juvenile prison population. They proposed alternative to youth custody, part of their proposal was that Young Offenders Academy will replace custodial environment, instead the focus will be on community and localism, harnessing integrated education, mental health and family services in order to focus on the education and development of the children. Against a backdrop of high levels of custodial vulnerabilities ; mental illness experienced by young offenders (Bateman and Hazel, 2014; Association for Young People's Health, 2013; National Audit Office, 2015) it can be argued that this topic is worthy of a research. Most noteworthy is the need to understand what is working and not working in terms of understanding custodial related vulnerabilities ; mental illness among young people through reviewing literature so as to increase knowledge base in these areas of practice. Aim To explore the effect of custodial sentences on young offenders' age between 12-17 years on their mental health in England?ObjectivesThe objectives of the proposal are: To explore the prevalence of mental health which affect the children in custody age 12-17 in UK.To examine the overall mental health and psychosocial needs of young offender's custody and to identify how needs vary according to gender, ethnicity and placement. To assess the impact of government policy in supporting young offenders in and out of prison. Methodology ; Justification (800 Words) The research will engage primary and secondary method to evaluate the effects of custodial sentences on young offenders between the age group of 12-17 years on how being in custody affects their mental state. The most important factor in conducting secondary (Qualitative) research is that enough information could be gather which might help in deciding whether or not there is need to conduct primary research. Qualitative research is associated with the social constructivist paradigm which emphasises the socially constructed nature of reality which Seeks to uncover deeper meanings to human behaviour and emotions and the design of the research determines the sample, how data is collected and how it is analyse (Ritchie and Lewis, 2004). Whereas Primary (Quantitative) research Involves collecting and converting data into numerical form for statistical analysis and statistical analysis which enables researchers to determine to what extent there is a relationship between two or more variables, to determine the sample chosen, how data is collected and how the data is analysed (De Vaus, 2004). Information on the prevalence of mental health which affect the children in custody age 12-17 in UK, Overall mental health and psychosocial needs of young offenders both in custody and in the community and to identify how needs vary according to gender, ethnicity and placement (custody versus community) and the impact of government policy and initiative in supporting these young offenders in and out of prison. It will look at studies and evidences and also look at alternative therapeutic on youths with severe emotional disorders due to custodial sentence. Government policies will also be look at. The purpose is to test the hypothesis. Sufficient steps to critically evaluate the validity and reliability of the secondary data will be stress. In undertaking a qualitative research, various points of approach to sampling in qualitative interview-based research shall be access and critically analyze. The approaches which shall be engage are, firstly the defining of a sample universe by way of specifying inclusion and exclusion criteria for potential participation, secondly the deciding upon a sample size, through the conjoint consideration of epistemological and practical concerns, thirdly selecting a sampling strategy, such as random sampling, convenience sampling, stratified sampling, cell sampling, quota sampling or a single-case selection strategy for the avoidance of bias, and ethical concerns pertaining to informed consent. The extent to which these various concerns are met and made explicit in a qualitative study has implications for its coherence, transparency, impact and trustworthiness. Hence the reason why they'll require considerate analysis. According to current practice for research in custody settings, the consent of the custodial director or from Her Majesty Prison Service (HMP) suffices and replaces parental consent. Eighty semi-structured interviews will be carry out with key stakeholders to ascertain the structures of current service provision, and processes involved in provision and outcome. This includes interviews with youth offending staffs, managers and staff within secure establishments, and providers of mental health services in the young offenders' institutes. Between 20-40 percent of young offenders will also be question about their satisfaction with a variety of different services. All sampled children in YOI at the time of the surveys will be invited to engage from to complete a questionnaire. Every effort shall be made to speak to each participant individually in order to explain the purpose and confidentiality of the survey and the independence of the process. Both boys and girls who might need help to complete the survey due to literacy or language difficulties shall be supported with face to face questioning instead. Self-completed questionnaires will be place in sealed envelopes and collected within the survey time frame. The survey will be conducted to ensure any child protection and safeguarding issues arise during the process could be follow up, each questionnaire will be number so that any relevant comments could be trace back to the respondent. Children shall be made aware of this.Google scholar, Academic search complete, Zetoc and Academic premier will be use as the main search engines. Data base which will be accessed are IngentaConnect, Sage journals online, Science direct, The Cochrane library, and Social care online. Key words which will be used in the search is ‘custodial sentence on young offenders between 12-17 years on their mental health in England'. Boolean Operators which use a simple words e.g. AND, OR, NOT will be used as conjunctions to combine or exclude keywords in a search, to enable result which are more focused and can produce productive results. This should save time by eliminating inappropriate hits.Ethical and Bias issues (400 Words)Bias is defined as any tendency which prevents unprejudiced consideration of a question. In research, bias occurs when systematic error is introduced into sampling or testing by selecting or encouraging one outcome or answer over others. Bias can occur at any phase of research, including study design or data collection, as well as in the process of data analysis and publication.In reviewing the literature's search, consideration to the degree to which bias may be presented shall be carefully analyze. Avoidance on how bias might influence a study's conclusions shall also be consider. Writing this research proposal proved very difficult in commencing. My initial thought was that it would be less tedious in comparison to writing an essay. However, participating in lectures and engaging in class activities gave me the stamina and enthusiasm to engage in the process. Having not engage in such a process before was definitely going to be a challenge. I started by going through the lecture notes and the weekly lecture slides to be able to understand how to develop a research question. A research question helps you to focus on your research by providing a path to navigate the research and writing process (Punch, 2006). Although I had partake in the same lecture on how to develop a research question, yet my understanding was a little vague. I searched using the Google website using what I already had in mind and I came across an article from the Independent Newspaper talking about the mental health of young offenders. I then engage with the literature search strategy to develop my question. Building on the research question helped me to develop the introduction which in itself was also not explicit. Again I turn to the lecture notes to guide me on that. One of the most difficult task in the process was developing the rationale. I struggle to understand the fundamentals on how to cultivate an effective rationale due to not fully understanding the important historical and contextual events which is vital in research and which informs the reader about why and how the research problem I'm interested in exist.

Diversity Worksheet Essay

1. What is diversity? Why is diversity valued? Diversity is the human attributes that are different from your own and different from groups to which you belong. Diversity is broken into two categories: visible and invisible. Visible diversity includes attributes like age, race, ethinicity, gender, etc. and Invisible diversity are attributes like work experience, marital status, parental status, income, religious beliefs, etc. Diversity is valued because once you can recognize some or all of the diverseness in a person, you can then recognize how unique they are. (â€Å"What Is Diversity? It’S More Than Race Or Gender – University Of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , 2002) 2. What is ethnocentrism? In what ways can ethnocentrism be detrimental to a society? Enthnocentrism is the belief in the inherent superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture. (dictionary.com, 2013) Ethnocentrism can be detrimental because judegment is being passed on another culture based on that on individual’s values or beliefs, thinking they are more superior or better without possibly having any knowledge of that culture and no desire to learn about it. 3. Define emigration and immigration. Emigration is to leave a country to settle in another. Immigration is oming into a new country as a permanent resident. These choices are not always vonluntary but can come from conflict or war. Involuntary migration is not as common anymore but much of the past migrations were involuntary. Emigration and immigration both contribute to minorities. (Schaefer, Chapter 1, 2012) 4. What are some of the ways groups of people are identified? Racial groups: a group that is socially set apart because of obvious physical differences. Ethnic groups: a group set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. Religious groups: a group that is associated with a religion other than the dominant faith. Gender groups: a group where males are the social majority (dominant) and females, although larger in population, are the social minority. Other groups: age, disability status, physical appearance, and sexual orientation. (Schaefer, Chapter 1, 2012) 5. Why do people label and group other people? People label and group others because they are either dominant or want to be the dominant. Being the dominant means having the power over others or things and since the United States is a democracy, majorit rules, so the majority has the power. The minority group then has lesser chances of ruling and life’s opportunites are limited. (Schaefer, Chapter 1, 2012) 6. Define culture. Is culture limited to racial and ethnic backgrounds? Explain. Culture is the behaviors and belief characterstics of a particular social, ethnic, or age group. (dictionary.com, 2013) This definition I found is vague in my opinion because culture can be included in genders, sexual orientations, nationalities, and more. Even with that the definition of culture is not limited to racial and ethnic backgrounds. Since culture is a behavior and/or belief I really think just about anyone in any kind of minority has these that are separate from others. References What is Diversity? It’s More than Race or Gender – University of †¦. (2002). Retrieved from http://www.med.umich.edu/diversity/pdffiles/file28.pdf‎ Ethnocentrism. (2013). In Dictionary.com. Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ethnocentrism?s=t Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and Ethnic Groups (13th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Culture. (2013). In Dictionary.com. Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/culture?s=t&ld=1136

Autism

Not every child with autism will have a language problem. A childs ability to communicate will vary, depending upon his or her intellectual and social development. Some children with autism may be unable to speak while others may have rich vocabularies and be able to talk about specific subjects in great detail. Most children with autism have little or no problem pronouncing words. The majority, however, have difficulty using language effectively, especially when they talk to other people.Many have problems with the meaning and withy of words and sentences. There are some patterns of language use and behaviors that are often found in children with autism. Firstly, they use repetitive or rigid language. Children with autism who can speak will say things that have no meaning or that seem out of context in conversations with others. For example, a child may continuously repeat words he or she has heard or keep asking the same question. In addition, some children with autism may also speak In a high-pitched tone or use robot-like voice.Secondly, children with autism usually have narrow interests and exceptional abilities. Some children may be able to deliver an In-depth monologue about a topic that holds their Interest, even though they may not be able to carry on a two-way conversation about the same topic. Some have musical talents or an advanced ability to count and do math calculations. Approximately 10 percent of children with autism show extremely high abilities In specific areas, such as calendar calculation, music, or math.Thirdly, they normally have uneven language development. Many children with autism develop some speech and language skills, UT not to a normal level of ability, and their progress are usually uneven. For example, they may develop a strong vocabulary In a particular area of Interest very quickly. Many children have good memories for Information Just heard or seen. Some children may be able to read words before 5 years of age, but they may not comprehend what they have read.They often do not respond to the speech of others and may not respond to their own names. As a result, children with autism sometimes are mistakenly thought to have a hearing problem. Lastly, they have poor nonverbal conversation skills. Children with autism are often unable to use gestures In their speech. They often avoid eye contact, which can make them seem rude, uninterested, or Inattentive. Without meaningful gestures or the language to communicate, many children with autism become frustrated In their attempts to make their feelings and needs known.They may act out their frustrations through vocal outbursts or other Inappropriate behaviors. Autism By focuses question. In addition, some children with autism may also speak in a high-pitched interests and exceptional abilities. Some children may be able to deliver an in-depth monologue about a topic that holds their interest, even though they may not be able of children with autism show extremely high abilities in specific areas, such as example, they may develop a strong vocabulary in a particular area of interest very quickly.Many children have good memories for information Just heard or seen. Some in their speech. They often avoid eye contact, which can make them seem rude, uninterested, or inattentive. Without meaningful gestures or the language to communicate, many children with autism become frustrated in their attempts to vocal outbursts or other inappropriate behaviors.

Aye aye Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Aye aye - Research Paper Example This third digit is independent in movement from the other digits and is extremely versatile. The third digits complete independence in movement serves two main purposes, tapping to find insects within cavities in wood and probing to find and remove larvae from those cavities. This method of locating and extracting insect larval prey is called percussive foraging (Aye-aye Daubentonia madagascariensis) The unique appearance, rodent like teeth, peculiar ways of finding food, superstitions around it etc made aye-aye one of the interesting creations of God. â€Å"It is the world’s largest nocturnal primate, and is characterized by its unique method of finding food; it taps on trees to find grubs, then gnaws holes in the wood and inserts its elongated middle finger to pull the grubs out† (Aye-Aye Madagascar). This paper briefly analyses different features and superstitions associated with aye-aye. Aye-aye found mainly on the east coast of Madagascar. Rain forests are the habitat of this creature. Majority of the time, aye ayes are spent on tree tops even though they occasionally climb down and moving on the land. However, the destruction of forests or deforestation caused aye-ayes to come out from their natural habitat and visit the populated areas. Aye-aye is a mammal which makes nests for its shelter. â€Å"The nests appear as closed spheres with single entry holes, situated in the forks of large trees† (Aye-aye). Like many of the other creatures, they sleep during day and hunt during the night. The major foods of aye-ayes are nuts, grubs, fruits, nectar, seeds, fungi etc. It eats both plants and meats or it eats both vegetarian and non-vegetarian foods. Coconuts, mangoes, sugar cane, eggs of other creatures etc are other major foods of aye-aye. The diet of the aye-aye is largely wood-boring grubs, which are found under the bark of trees. The aye-aye uses its long middle finger to carefully tap the wood, and it uses

Critical of an article (SPSS) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Critical of an article (SPSS) - Assignment Example The study attempted to measure the effects of two independent variables - the subjects' performance standard, and the standard of the class – on the type of comparison made by the subjects towards particular and generic others. It was hypothesised that: 1. Across all classes, students would show a preference for comparing upwards with a particular other. 2. Subjects in the threat condition would make a downward comparison to a particular other. 3. Across all classes, students would make a downward comparison to a generic other. 4. Students in the threat condition were less likely to make a downward comparison to a generic other. Thus, the effects and interactions of the two independent variables were observed on two dependent variables. The first independent variable – the subjects' performance standard – had two levels for the study – high and low. The second independent variable was the performance standard of the class; also divided into two levels â₠¬â€œ high and low. Thus, four experimental groups were formed: i. Student with high performance in high performance group. (Uniform) ii. Student with high performance in low performance group. (Advantage) iii. Student with low performance in low performance group. (Uniform) iv. ... A variety of statistical procedures were carried out in order to test the hypotheses put forth. The study used Two Way ANOVA's, student's t – tests, correlations and the chi square test. Initially, all the sets of scores for the particular comparison other were inter-correlated, and since the correlations were quite high, one comparative index was created for all these scores. The Cronbach's Alpha, - an estimate of reliability, showed that the index would have a high reliability, and could be used without too many concerns. A similar index was also computed for the scores on comparison with a generic other. The Chronbach's Alpha was very high for this index as well. Such systematic evaluations of reliability are important since the data was collected in rating form on a set of dimensions for each dependent variable. Under such circumstances, the consistency and generalisability of the data is best evaluated through reliability testing. Next, for the actual testing of the hypot heses, two ANOVA's were computed. Each was a 2 by 2 ANOVA, and the interaction effects were analysed in order to test the hypotheses. Although none of the hypotheses predicted any main effect differences; in order for the hypotheses to be truly verified, one would see significant main effects as well as the interaction effects. The first 2 by 2 ANOVA was conducted on data about comparison to a particular other. This analysis went towards responding to the first and second hypotheses. The statistical analysis showed that the main effects for both variables were significant; but the one for standard of class (p < 0.001) was much stronger than the one for the standard of subject's performance (p